Having established a frame of reference about the problem, we can proceed to examine research canied out

operational or administrative failures, e.g. mistrust can lead to bad communication which in turn intensifies the mistrust.
Having established a frame of reference about the problem, we can proceed to examine research canied out
in attempts to measure the extent of these communication
. .
gaps.
In a study of two factories, 25 per cent and 66 per cent respectively of the labour force did not understand the calculation of their bonus awards. The workers in the less well-informed factory were consistently more hostile to the incentive scheme and produced less. Another shopfloor communication study found that among the work people studied:

35 per cent worried over a lack of clarity about scope
and responsibilities;
29 per cent worried over the ambiguity of the
expectations of other departments;
38 per cent worried over the lack of adequate
information for their job and future prospects.
The research suggests that this feeling of a lack of downward communication might lead to withholding of upward communication.
N or are white-collar workers immune; in an assurance office 20 per cent of the employees requiring a precise understanding of the operating instructions displayed varying degrees of misunderstanding of the instructional memorandum.
Even among manager,> the same gaps occur. Maier studied fifty-eight superior-subordinate pairs to assess their