One might imagine that language-a system of symbols formalized through education, dictionaties, etc.,

Britain. From a similar study, in which managers kept a detailed log of their activities over a period of several weeks, Tom Burns, Professor of Sociology at Edinburgh University, writes:
more important is the picture-the moving picture
such studies give of the management system seen as a communication network. The production of this information itself yields comparative data of considerable interest. For the seven manufacturing concems, to take one instance, the proportion of all management time spent in spoken communication ran as follows:

80-71-68-56-55-44-42 per cent
The order is significant. The firms are arranged from left to right also in terms of their... environmental change. Moreover, the direction of communication changes: in the first firm slightly more than half the communication was lateral, i.e. with colleagues and this proportion dropped until. in the seventh firm, virtually all communication was vertical.
Media
In Western society large numbers of people spend a considerable part of their waking hours in organizations of one sort or another. It is not surprising, therefore, to discover that their main communication media tend to be the same inside or outside the organization, namely speech, writing, gesture, and appearance. Communication may be described as unsuccessful when the received message does not match the transmitted message. As many of the failures have been discovered in the 'coding' and 'decoding' processes, the media involved have come under careful scrutiny.
One might imagine that language-a system of symbols formalized through education, dictionaties, etc.,